The Sedition Act expired in March 1801.19 Interest in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions was renewed as the sectional divide in the country grew in the nineteenth century.20, -Nancy Verell, 4/6/15; revised John Ragosta, 2/22/18, Bitter rivalries, character assassinations, an electoral deadlock and a tie-breaking vote in the House of Representatives — the Election of 1800 had it all. Resolved, That the General Assembly of Virginia doth unequivocally Drafted in secret by future Presidents Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, the resolutions condemned the Alien and Sedition Acts as unconstitutional and claimed that because these acts overstepped federal authority under the Constitution, they were null and void. Found inside – Page viLetter and resolutions from Gene Moore , secretary Justice Department ... State of Virginia : Applicability of antitrust laws to bank mergers : Excerpt from ... %PDF-1.3 %���� The complex legacy of the resolutions stems from lingering questions as to whether they are best understood as a defense of civil liberties or of states’ rights. H�b```a``�d`c`�`d@ AV�(G�֟@~2`1䔉h�\�������� R�@�X������ED�3�1�d8�p��-�U!���:@��.@��! Found inside – Page 257... excerpts from debates ( 1789–1836 ) in Congress on constitutional questions , beside other -documents like the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions ... During the nullification crisis of the early 1830s over the federal tariff, states’ rights figures such as John Calhoun and Robert Hayne explicitly cited the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions as early exemplifications of their theory that a state legislature could declare federal laws null and void within its own borders. 0000004395 00000 n Chapter 7: pg. 67 & 8 Ulto, with a regular continuation to the 22d—two statements from the Treasury Department, 3 and Payne's letter to the French people & armies. . 0000002915 00000 n This article was originally published in 2009. 0000002360 00000 n The Kentucky Resolutions, written by Jefferson, more radically argued that states could nullify federal laws, declaring them "null and void." Kentucky and Virginia urged the other states to pass similar resolutions, though none saw fit to do so. On these bases, Virginia’s resolution, penned by Madison, declared that the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional and that measures should be taken by all states to retain their reserved powers. Found inside – Page 476... as well as Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions); Brest and Levinson, Processes of Constitutional Decisionmaking, 62–68 (excerpts and discussion). Look for further sources in the Thomas Jefferson Portal. Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia. Growth of suburbs B . The Virginia and Kentucky resolutions put forward a theory of Nullification, which Jefferson made even more pointed in his 1799 Kentucky resolution. Thomas Jefferson wrote the Kentucky Resolution. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798, 1799) . 1797 [1798] 1. Found inside – Page 73The Kentucky and Virgina Resolutions and their Legacy W. Watkins ... he did not intend the Virginia Resolutions as a nullification of the Alien and Sedition ... The Coalfields Expressway is a proposed four-lane highway in southwest Virginia and southwest West Virginia, and it will be 116 miles long. Also, Madison's report, Calhoun's address, resolutions of the several states in relation to state rights. Others, however, rejected the idea of secession and preferred a more moderate course, arguing that staying in the Union better served New England's interests. Why did they feel this way? Found insideAs controversial and explosive as it is elegant and learned, this examination of Thomas Jefferson, as man and icon, through the critical lens of the French Revolution, offers a provocative analysis of the supreme symbol of American history ... Tate Reeves is the apparent winner of the governor's race in Mississippi, leading . The First Amendment Encyclopedia, Middle Tennessee State University (accessed Sep 18, 2021). What role does Chief Justice Marshall hope the Supreme Court adopts in regards to the U.S. Constitution? 2009. His father was a classic Virginia frontiersman, a self-made man and judge, a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses. Gutzman, K. R. “The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Reconsidered: An Appeal to the Real Laws of Our Country.” Journal of Southern History 66, no. New York Ratification Statement, July 26, 1788. Why as this unsusual? and having also seriously and deliberately considered the present situation of the United States, - do declare and make . Douglas C. Dow. The majority of enslaved Africans in Kentucky were held primarily in . Calhoun noted that the Kentucky resolutions were "now known to have emanated from . Virginia Humanities, (07 Dec. 2020). The Jefferson Bible, or The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth as it is formally titled, was a book constructed by Thomas Jefferson in the latter years of his life by cutting and pasting numerous sections from various Bibles as ... 0000001903 00000 n House of Delegates. Among other things, the Alien Acts granted the president the power to seize, detain, and ultimately deport any noncitizen he deemed dangerous to the United States, regardless of whether the nation was at war. The Resolutions declared that the several states are united by compact under the Constitution, that the Constitution limits federal authority to certain enumerated powers, that congressional acts exceeding those powers are infractions of the Constitution, and that each state has the right and duty to determine the constitutionality of federal laws and prevent application of unconstitutional federal laws in its own territory. 0000010575 00000 n Kentucky and the Question of Slavery Source. the-virginia-and-kentucky-resolutions 1/7 Downloaded from bigleap.isb.edu on September 16, 2021 by guest [eBooks] The Virginia And Kentucky Resolutions Right here, we have countless ebook the virginia and kentucky resolutions and collections to check out. John Tyler of Caroline was the Virginia senator who served in office from 1792 to 1824. United States Resolutions: United States Congressional Resolutions, Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, Attempted Impeachment of Dick Cheney : Books, LLC, Books, LLC . (24) ''THE BIRD SAMUELS PAPERS:,, ORIGINAL CENSUS AND MILITARY (1775) RECORDS OF OLD DUNMORE COUNTY, VIRGINIA. Found insideNo phrase in American letters than Thomas Jefferson's phrase, "wall of separation between church and state," has had a more profound influence on church-state law, policy, and discourse and few metaphors have provoked more passionate debate ... "Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions." Placing a unique emphasis on property rights, election law, and issues of gender, gender orientation, foreign policy, and criminal due process, the two-volume text features: * Skillfully edited excerpts of canonical Supreme Court decisions ... 1836-after 1905) An act declaring what persons shall be deemed mulattoes. Backing away from the doctrinal wording of the resolutions, Madison argued that they were designed only to ferment popular opinion against the laws and lead to an electoral victory against the Federalists. Primary and secondary sources may include: 0000004767 00000 n Douglas C. Dow, Ph.D., is a professor at the University of Texas at Dallas specializing in political theory, public law, legal theory and history, and American politics. A senior statesman at the time, Madison fought back against the appropriation of the resolutions to the cause of nullification. 0000010554 00000 n Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, in U.S. History, measures passed by the legislatures of Virginia and Kentucky in 1798 as a protest against the Federalist Alien and Sedition Acts. James Madison: Philosopher, Founder, and Statesman. The chosen response, the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, was especially controversial because of Jefferson’s claim that states could “nullify” federal action which they believed to be unconstitutional (although that term was deleted from the final version of the resolutions adopted in Kentucky) and Madison’s claim that states could “interpose” to block such federal action. Found inside – Page 296Selection excerpted from Documents of American History , Vol . ... both the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures passed resolutions expressing strong views on ... (Image via Library of Congress, public domain). 0000011392 00000 n 258-288 (whole chapter) Chapter 8 Part A: pg. Found inside... for his vigorous opposition to the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions , in as ... I reprint the following excerpts from Senator Borah's brilliant article ... Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. Here's an excerpt of the book's discussion of these questions: . Get it here. Excerpt from The Resolutions of Virginia and Kentucky: Penned by Madison and Jefferson, in Relation to the Alien and Sedition Laws It can not be seriously believed, that the United States should have waited till the poignard had in fact been plunged. Nevertheless, the resolutions did help the Democratic-Republicans develop as an organized oppositional party, and two years later Jefferson would eke out a victory in the 1800 presidential elections. Calhoun argued in much the same manner as found in the resolutions that the states formed a compact with each other, delegating specific powers to the federal government and that, therefore, the states ultimately were the judges of the Constitution. Found inside... as embodied in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798. ... 1955, Kilpatrick reprinted lengthy excerpts from both sets of resolutions on the ... This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. We have over 1,100 genealogy books for Virginia and the Southeastern United States. trailer << /Size 89 /Info 47 0 R /Root 51 0 R /Prev 107056 /ID[] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 51 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 49 0 R /Metadata 48 0 R /Outlines 7 0 R /OpenAction [ 53 0 R /XYZ null null null ] /PageMode /UseNone /PageLabels 46 0 R /StructTreeRoot 52 0 R /PieceInfo << /MarkedPDF << /LastModified (D:20040622170822)>> >> /LastModified (D:20040622170822) /MarkInfo << /Marked true /LetterspaceFlags 0 >> >> endobj 52 0 obj << /Type /StructTreeRoot /RoleMap 9 0 R /ClassMap 12 0 R /K 39 0 R /ParentTree 40 0 R /ParentTreeNextKey 3 >> endobj 87 0 obj << /S 90 /O 191 /L 207 /C 223 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 88 0 R >> stream The U.S. Congress in 1995 designated the Coalfields Expressway as a "Congressional High Priority Corridor" when Congress enacted the National Highway System Designation Act of 1995, and that authorizes 80% federal funding for the highway. (whole chapter) Chapter 6: pg. . The powers of the federal government under the Articles of Confederation 0000003425 00000 n 0000005479 00000 n The Democratic-Republicans, political opponents of the Federalists, felt threatened by these laws. Accused aliens were given no right to a judicial hearing or to hear the specific charges against them. 221-230, 238-252. 0000008045 00000 n Primary Documents and Supporting Texts to Consider: excerpts from The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison; Patrick Henry's arguments against ratification Growth of the Young Nation (1789-1849) Primary Documents and Supporting Texts to Read: excerpts from the journals of Excerpt from Resolutions of Virginia and Kentucky, Penned by Madison and Jefferson, in Relation to the Alien and Sedition Laws: And the Debated and Proceedings in the House of Delegates of Virginia, on the Same, in December 1798 The administration of Mr. John Adams was a dark day for the te public. Found inside... the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798–99, the intensely bitter election ... 29 These excerpts from Kristol's writings raise an interesting point ... @��2�;�|�oD Excerpt from The Resolutions of Virginia and Kentucky: Penned by Madison and Jefferson, in Relation to the Alien and Sedition Laws It can not be seriously believed, that the United States should have waited till the poignard had in fact been plunged. We additionally offer variant types and next type of the books to browse. In large part as a result of this political repression, Jefferson prevailed in the election of 1800 and the Federalist Party began its spiral into oblivion. Jefferson's authorship, (and Madison's, of the Virginia Resolution) were top secret until revealed in 1824. The Gazette, the first newspaper west of the Allegheny Mountains, was established in 1787, in Lexington. Found inside – Page 53... as expressed in the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions that interpreted the ... had revived these resolutions and published them in “lengthy excerpts” in ... "An Investigation into the Conduct of Thomas Jefferson; an excerpt from the Journal of the House of Delegates (December 12, 1781)" Encyclopedia Virginia. that six Northern states condemned the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions on the ground that it was improper for states to . Resolved, That, in the opinion of this legislature, the second section of the third article of the Constitution of the United States, in these words, to wit, - " The judicial power shall extend to all 0000029693 00000 n The convention instructed its delegates to introduce a resolution for independence at the Continental Congress. McCoy, Drew R. The Last of the Fathers: James Madison and the Republican Legacy. Found inside – Page viLetter and resolutions from Gene Moore , secretary 179 Justice Department ... State of Virginia : Applicability of antitrust laws to bank mergers : Excerpt ... Excerpts from the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions The Virginia Resolution Excerpt Madison's Virginia Resolutions begin by declaring that the Federal Government holds power only through a compact [agreement] of the states. Marriage records, deed books, will books, personal property tax lists, births, deaths, census, maps, etc. The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 were Democratic-Republican responses to the Alien and Sedition Acts passed earlier that same year by a Federalist-dominated Congress. 0000003653 00000 n Four states made no response to Kentucky and Virginia's request for support and ten states expressed outright disapproval. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, initially drafted by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, respectively, were issued by the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures in response to the federal Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798. The tone and language of the resolutions are not that of a newspaper editorial meant to shape public opinion, but rather are constitutional treatises designed to elaborate on essential structures of government. Why were those trains allowed to roll unhindered into Poland? . Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions. We, the delegates of the people of the state of New York, duly elected and met in Convention, having maturely considered the Constitution of the United States of America . Excerpts from the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions The Virginia Resolution Excerpt Madison's Virginia Resolutions begin by declaring that the Federal Government holds power only through a compact of the states. Most states insisted that under the Supremacy Clause of the Constitution (Article VI), the states had no power to block enforcement of federal laws and that the courts should be relied upon to strike down unconstitutional laws (a position which both Jefferson and Madison had endorsed in the context of the Bill of Rights).6 In fact, the 1798 elections resulted in an increase in Federalist control of the Congress. Kentucky is my country. 0000090845 00000 n & 22, 2 the Gazettes of the 3. Fincastle County, Virginia Records for genealogical research. The Kentucky Resolutions were introduced in the Kentucky House of Representatives by John Breckinridge and adopted in November of 1798.1 The Virginia Resolutions were sponsored in the Virginia House of Delegates by John Taylor and adopted in December 1798.2, The Resolutions by Jefferson and Madison were provoked by the Alien and Sedition Acts adopted by a Federalist-dominated Congress during the Quasi-War with France; those Acts gave the president the authority to deport any alien whom he thought a threat and made it illegal to criticize the president or the Congress.3 Dozens of people were prosecuted under the Sedition Act, with prosecutions targeted at newspaper editors who favored the new Democratic-Republican party – Jefferson’s party.4 Seeing such political prosecutions of free speech as a fundamental threat to the republic, Jefferson referred to this period as a “reign of witches.”5. Who wrote the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions and why were they written? The Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 argued that each individual state has the power to declare that federal laws are unconstitutional and void. This would be great for a sub and the answers are included where appr. Jack Miller Center. [Journal of House of Delegates of Va., June IO, 1777, p. 0000001924 00000 n The resolutions were not designed to disrupt the execution of federal law in the state but rather to declare the official opinion of the state and hopefully rally support of other states. “New Light on the Sedition Act of 1798: The Missing Half of the Prosecutions,”, “The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: An Episode in Jefferson’s and Madison’s Defense of Civil Liberties,”. 0000007146 00000 n It also explains its objections to the Alien and Sedition as a limitation on free Jefferson argued that the union was a compact of sovereign states and that the federal government was . Still, this was a remarkable moment that set a dangerous precedent. What accusations did President Adams make against France? Subsequently, Kentucky’s legislature passed the resolution that Jefferson had penned with little debate or revision on November 11, 1798, and the Virginia legislature passed its more temperate resolution on Christmas Eve of the same year. Encyclopedia Table of Contents | Case Collections | Academic Freedom | Recent News, The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 were Democratic-Republican responses to the Alien and Sedition Acts passed earlier that same year by a Federalist-dominated Congress. Constitutional Convention Project. Richard Henry Lee introduced the measure on June 7. Second, it is both a right and a duty of individual states to interpose themselves between their citizens and the federal government. Excerpts can be found on Edmodo. Notes on the State of Virginia Query VI …Near the eastern foot of the North mountain are immense bodies of Schist, containing impressions of shells in a variety of forms.I have received petrified shells of very different kinds from the first sources of the Kentucky, which bear no resemblance to any I have ever seen on the tide-waters. Unlike Virginia, Kentucky developed a diverse agriculture, which varied from region to region. 0000008856 00000 n "Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions." No state responded with similar official denunciations, and the legislatures of ten states went as far as to officially repudiate the resolutions, most arguing that the federal courts, not state legislatures, were the legitimate interpreters of the federal Constitution. Excerpt from The Kentucky Resolutions of 1798. They advocated issuing a protest, and for some the model was the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, written by Madison and Jefferson in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798. Found inside – Page 53360n 10 November 1808 the American Mercury published excerpts from the 1798 resolutions of the General Assembly condemning the Virginia and Kentucky ... Base on documents qestions What was at the heart of the Republican aruments in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions? Madison’s Report of 1800, defending the resolutions is, moreover, an important milestone in defense of First Amendment freedoms of speech and press. The state of Kentucky was reported as “unanimous in execrating the measures.”10 In Virginia, the Freeholders of Prince Edward County addressed disapproval of “the odious alien and sedition bills” directly to President John Adams.11, Jefferson’s Kentucky Resolutions employed bolder language than that used by Madison, stating that when the federal government “assumes undelegated powers, its acts are unauthoritative, void, and of no force.” Jefferson’s original wording had gone even further: “[W]here powers are assumed which have not been delegated,” he contended, “a nullification of the act is the rightful remedy.”12 Jefferson’s references to nullification were eliminated by the Kentucky legislature. Found inside – Page 257... excerpts from debates ( 1789–1836 ) in Congress on constitutional questions , beside other documents like the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions ... 1. It also explains its objections to the Alien and Sedition as a "A Troublesome Legacy: James Madison and 'The Principles of '98,'", “The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: An Episode in Jefferson’s and Madison’s Defense of Civil Liberties.”. The election of 1824 marked a turning point in presidential politics because, for the first time. The resolutions have a complicated history and legacy. Interweaving more than 40 documents into 7 chronological chapters, the text follows the lives and careers of the two men from their youth, through the Revolutionary War, to the death of Hamilton in 1804. When: Kentucky Resolutions 1798-1799, Virginia Resolution 1798 Where: Virginia and Kentucky Significance: These documents written by James Madison (Virginia) and Thomas Jefferson (Kentucky) supported the idea of having more self government and more rights for states. Drafted in secret by future Presidents Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, the resolutions condemned the Alien and Sedition Acts as unconstitutional and claimed that because these acts overstepped federal authority . Found insideIt also provoked the first battle over the Bill of Rights. Wendell Bird provides the definitive account of a dark moment in U.S. history, reminding us that expressive freedom and opposition politics are essential to a stable democracy. At the time of their passage, authorship of both documents was known to only a few close associates.8 Secrecy was necessary because Jefferson, himself the nation’s vice president, might be charged with sedition if he or Madison, his closest political ally, openly announced that congressional acts were unconstitutional. The doctrine of nullification said that A.some states were more powerful than others B.The national gov had the right to enforce federal law C.states had the right to reject . Chapter 5: pg. Adopted by the Virginia General Assembly in January 1800, the Report amends arguments from the 1798 Virginia Resolutions and attempts to resolve contemporary criticisms against the Resolutions. Then, alien and sedition acts were let loose upon us: the purity of the constitution itself was . In 1798, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison penned the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, formally detailing the principles of nullification for the first time. Found inside – Page 28The first three sections of the first reading are excerpts from the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions of 1798 , written a few years before the doctrine of ... In fact, Jefferson and Madison kept their authorship of the resolutions secret because they feared arrest for sedition. 8+9. The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788–1800. They were an early defense of the Constitution’s protection of civil liberties, especially freedom of speech and of the press; however, because they argued that the acts illegally usurped powers reserved for the states, they also became the founding documents in the states’ rights movement and were cited by antebellum supporters of state nullification and secession in the mid-nineteenth century and by advocates of resistance to federal school desegregation orders in the mid-twentieth century. The resolutions were written by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson, but their roles remained unknown to the public for almost 25 years. "The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Reconsidered: 'An Appeal to the Real Laws of Our Country'." Journal of Southern History 66 (2000): 473-496. The Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 argued that each individual state has the power to declare that federal laws are unconstitutional and void. He hoped that more states would respond in like-minded ways and that this would lead to more electoral victories over the Federalists. The main point of the excerpt is that the states are in a contract with the federal government and can cancel or ignore measures used that are in violation of that contract. Koch, Adrienne and Harry Ammon. While the Congress debated, the Virginia Convention adopted George Mason's Bill of Rights (June 12) and a . 295-311, Part B will be tested after Fall Break. Found inside529–545 (begin with “the author of this malice”; read excerpt from ... “The Virginia Resolution” and Jefferson, “The Kentucky Resolutions” (pdf) Day 2: ... The problem faced by Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans was how to respond to the Alien and Sedition Acts at a time when every federal judge was a Federalist and when the Federalists had a renewed nationalist popularity in light of the XYZ Affair (in which the French foreign minister demanded a bribe to even meet with U.S. envoys). She has created on my part obligations and feelings and duties toward It ceased publication in December 1848. Presentation of the final drafts of the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions: 10 minutes Distribute Handout C: "Excerpts from the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions." Allow time for students to read these, either silently or aloud, and for students to ask what words or phrases mean. Rather than asserting the principles of free speech and civil protections for aliens not charged with crimes, Jefferson and Madison argued that the power to pass such acts was not properly delegated to the national government by the states. Chapter 8 Test PART A is pg. What were the arguments in favor of the passage of the Sedition Acts by Congress? April 2d. The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 were Democratic-Republican responses to the Alien and Sedition Acts passed earlier that same year by a Federalist-dominated Congress. In blow to Trump, Democrat Andy Beshear wins Kentucky governorship. Click for more. Watkins, William J., Jr. Reclaiming the American Revolution: The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions and Their Legacy. The, removal of aliens 1s the usual preliminary of hostility, and 15 justified by the invariable usages of nations. Thomas Jefferson was born April 13, 1743, the third child of ten and the first son of Peter and Jane Randolph Jefferson. Why were the tracks leadi Both of these acts are cognizable within the Constitution and do not suggest an extraconstitutional right of a single state against the federal government. Resolutions of Virginia and Kentucky by Madison, James, 1751-1836; Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826; Virginia. The issue that was most important through the Andrew Jackson era was tariffs, which were resisted in the South and which brought about the nullification crisis. Dear Sir. DBQ: French and Indian War. We additionally offer variant types and next type of the books to browse. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798) The Kentucky Resolutions, authored by Jefferson, . 50 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 53 /H [ 1609 315 ] /L 108184 /E 98626 /N 2 /T 107066 >> endobj xref 50 39 0000000016 00000 n Elkins, Stanley, and Eric McKitrick. The accepted account of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798, among scholars of the period and among the experts on Jefferson and Madison, has come from a [unintelligible] article from 1948. Judged by this standard, they were a failure. In this excerpt, historian Lewis Mumford assesses the impact of what post- World War Il phenomenon? New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. Available as a free download for all TAC members. Found inside – Page viLetter and resolutions from Gene Moore , secretary Justice Department ... State of Virginia : Applicability of antitrust laws to bank mergers : Excerpt from ... Found inside – Page 209Excerpts pertaining to standing armies and militia from Cato's Letters appeared in the Aurora on ... Louisa County, Virginia, Resolutions, 18 October 1798, ... Abraham, grandfather of the subject of this sketch, came to Kentucky, and was killed by Indians about the year 1784. The KY and VA Resolutions declared the Alien & Sedition Acts unconstitutional and would not be enforced in those two states. Jefferson spends nine months at Monticello though continuing in role as Vice President. 0000064490 00000 n Madison also stressed the difference between a state legislature voicing an opinion and its making a self-executing decision. "The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Reconsidered: 'An Appeal to the Real Laws of Our Country'." Journal of Southern History 66 (2000): 473-496. The Alien and Sedition Acts were a series of four laws passed by the U.S. Congress in 1798 amid widespread fear that war with France was imminent.
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